Humans have been building mechanical systems for thousands of years. Over time, several basic elements were created, and are now referred to as "simple machines". Simple machines are the very basic building blocks of mechanical operation, and provide the user with a form of mechanical advantage. Simple machines make working and living easier, and have allowed for continual human development throughout history.
6 different simple machines:
the lever
the wheel and axle
the pulley
the inclined plane
the wedge
and the screw.
These 6 elements form the basis for complex machinery even today. The 6 machines can be divided into 2 categories based on their operation: machines that require an equilibrium of torque, and those that require an equilibrium of vector forces.
Introduction To Mechanical Devices
CAD : What A Wonderful Field It Is
Engineers, design professionals, and manufacturers have learned the value of using and developing technologies based on CAD, or Computer Aided Drafting. This ever expanding field utilizes CAD for conceptual design and layout of virtual products, effectively eliminating the high cost of manufacturing a test product; creating architectural, construction, and building plans for contractors; planning mechanical, electrical, and plumbing layouts for builders and manufacturers; and all in a fraction of the time of what was once possible using 2 dimensional drafting practices.
So why seek a career in CAD drafting? The median salary for an entry-level CAD is approximately $40,000 per year, and it provides employment opportunities in almost every field. CAD is used in the medical and forensic science fields; for manufacture of aviation, automotive, and ship building; and 2D & 3D modeling of tools and machinery. CAD drafting has had an enormous impact on almost every field imaginable, and without it modern advancements would still be decades away.
The future of CAD is already moving forward, and students of CAD and Auto-CAD will be poised on the cutting edge of technology as 3D and Spatial 3-D holographic imaging replace 2D as the standard. In order to take full advantage of this, finding the right CAD drafting school is important, and one city stands out: Kansas City, Missouri is in the right location and has the right schools to help students learn the skills they'll need.
Disadvantages of Mechanical Engineering
Disadvantages of Mechanical Engineering
The workload is usually high and the atmosphere is competitive. Even Working environment is not so best. You find much Air conditioners like Software jobs. Also, despite recent increases in enrollment of women across all science and engineering disciplines, mechanical engineering still contains the lowest percentage of women. Since, it involves bit hard work.
Advantages are more than Disadvantages. so, dont afraid of Mechanical engineering.
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Mechanical Core Jobs
Mechanical Core Jobs
As a Mechanical Engineer we all like to join in a Mechanical Core Job. Mechanical engineering is finding more and more applications these days in other areas of engineering also.
Now we are having great opportunities in CAD/CAM industry. It is the future of Mechanical engineering.
Simplex and Duplex Pump
Simplex and Duplex Pump
A simplex pump, sometimes referred to as a single pump, is a pump having a single liquid (pump) cylinder. A duplex pump is the equivalent of two simplex pumps placed side by side on the same foundation.The driving of the pistons of a duplex pump is arranged in such a manner that when one piston is on its upstroke the other piston is on its downstroke, and vice versa. This arrangement doubles the capacity of the duplex pump compared to a simplex pump of comparable design.
Direct-Acting and Indirect-Acting Pumps
Direct-Acting and Indirect-Acting Pumps
Some reciprocating pumps are powered by prime movers that also have reciprocatingmotion, such as a reciprocating pump powered by a reciprocating steam piston. The piston rod of the steam piston may be directly connected to the liquid piston of the pump or it may be indirectly connected with a beam or linkage. Direct-acting pumps have a plunger on the liquid (pump) end that is directly driven by the pump rod (also the piston rod or extension thereof) and carries the piston of the power end. Indirect-acting pumps are driven by means of a beam or linkage connected to and actuated by the power piston rod of a separate reciprocating engine.
Reciprocating Pumps types
Reciprocating positive displacement pumps are generally categorized in four ways:
Direct-acting or indirect-acting
Simplex or duple
Single-acting or double-acting
Power pump
Principle of Operation of Positive Displacement Pump
This is the operation of simple Positive Displacement Pump is given below.
Principle of Operation of Positive Displacement Pump
All positive displacement pumps operate on the same basic principle. This principle can be most easily demonstrated by considering a reciprocating positive displacement pump consisting of a single reciprocating piston in a cylinder with a single suction port and a single discharge port as shown in Figure. Check valves in the suction and discharge ports allow flow in only one direction.
During the suction stroke, the piston moves to the left, causing the check valve in the suction line between the reservoir and the pump cylinder to open and admit water from the reservoir.During the discharge stroke, the piston moves to the right, seating the check valve in the suction line and opening the check valve in the discharge line. The volume of liquid moved by the pump in one cycle (one suction stroke and one discharge stroke) is equal to the change in the liquid volume of the cylinder as the piston moves from its farthest left position to its farthest right position.
Definition of Positive displacement pump
Pumps are the basic requirement in our day to day life. These are having so much of importance. Pumps field is so good. for every mechanical engineer should have a good idea in Pumps. All the fundamentals of pumps are given below.........
Introduction
A positive displacement pump is one in which a definite volume of liquid is delivered for each cycle of pump operation. This volume is constant regardless of the resistance to flow offered by the system the pump is in, provided the capacity of the power unit driving the pump or pump component strength limits are not exceeded. The positive displacement pump delivers liquid in separate volumes with no delivery in between, although a pump having several chambers may have an overlapping delivery among individual chambers, which minimizes this effect. The positive displacement pump differs from centrifugal pumps, which deliver a continuous flow for any given pump speed and discharge resistance.
Positive displacement pumps can be grouped into three basic categories based on their design and operation.
The three groups are
1. Reciprocating pumps
2. Rotary pumps
3. Diaphragm pumps
Rotary Liquid Seal ring type Air compressor
Rotary Lobe type Air Compressor
Rotary slide vane type Air Compressor
Types Rotary Compressors
Rotary Compressors
The rotary compressor is adaptable to direct drive by induction motors or multicylinder gasoline or diesel engines. The units are compact, relatively inexpensive, and require a minimum of operating attention and maintenance. They occupy a fraction of the space and weight of a reciprocating machine of equivalent capacity.
Rotary compressor units are classified into three general groups
Slide vane-type
Lobe-type
Liquid seal ring-type.
Types of Air Compressor
Air compressors of various designs are used widely throughout DOE facilities in numerous applications. Compressed air has numerous uses throughout a facility including the operation of equipment and portable tools.
Three types of designs
1. reciprocating
2. rotary
3. centrifugal air compressors.
Working of Centrifugal Compressor
Grain Boundary Strengthening
Grain Boundary Strengthening in Strenghtening Process
Decreasing/Finer grain size will increase the yield stress.
The grain size indicates two conditions: The distance for the dislocations have to move to form grain boundary pile-ups and the number of dislocations involved. Having finer grain size, the mobility of the dislocations is harder to move from one grain to another for plastic deformation. In other words, finer grain will impede the dislocations. This will give rise to the strength of the material. However, the grain size cannot be too small (around below 10 nm). This will lead to grain-boundary sliding. The grain boundaries tend to slide and difficult to fit the dislocations in the grain. Thus, less stress required to move them. The equation to this mechanism is The Hall-Petch Equation which states an increase in yield stress is related to a decrease in diameter of the average grain.
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Definition of Precipitation Hardening
What is Precipitation Hardening?
It is a strengthening Process. it is Heat Treatment Process.
"Changes in solid solubility with temperature to produce fine particles of an impurity phase will increase the strength."
now, lets find out the process detailly........
This heat treatment process involves the changes in solid solubility with respect to temperature to produce fine particles of an impurity phase. This condition will obstruct the dislocation and the crystalline lattice and thus, increase the strength of the material. This heat treatment involves precipitation of impurity particles to have a strengthen material. These impurity particles are considered as second phase particles. The presence of these precipitates of second phase particles will cause lattice distortion because of the different is size comparable to the host particles. This distortion will then impede the dislocation which leads to the hardening of materials.
Solid Solution Strengthening or Alloying
what is Solid Solution Strengthening?
It is a strengthening Process.
Adding alloying element will increase the strength of the material.
Adding atoms of alloying element into the crystalline lattice of base metal, the alloying element will diffuse to a matrix solid solution. These solute atoms will cause lattice distortions which then will obstruct dislocation motion, and thus will increase the yield stress of the material. There are two types of this mechanism: Substitutional Solid Solution and Interstitial Solid Solution. The former type involves the solute (alloy) atoms which are larger compared to the solvent (base) atoms being added into crystalline lattice of base metal. They must be the same crystal structure. The instance is Copper-Nickel in FCC structure. While, the latter type involves the solute atoms are smaller than the solvent atoms. The example is the carbon in iron.
Definition of Work Hardening
What is Work Hardening
Increasing the dislocation density will increase the yield strength.
Work Hardening is a difficult process to understand. but, once you understand the process, you will never forget.
Work hardening is a process when the metal is strained beyond its original yield point. As the material is filled up with more dislocations (increasing dislocation density), more dislocations are prevented to develop more dislocation-formation. This resistance is called nucleating and thus, the resistance to plastic deformation. Therefore, the material has been strengthened. However, the dislocation density cannot be increased to an infinitely high value as the crystalline structure will disappear. Usually, work hardening is done to a reasonably high melting point material by using cold rolling or cold drawing.
Strengthening Process for Metals and Alloys
Strengthening is a process to improve or reduce the mechanical properties of a material inclusive of yield strength and hardness to suit the needs of our application. The main principle of the strengthening mechanism is by reducing the mobility of dislocations; it will reduce the occurrence of plastic deformation and thus will strengthen the material. There are four main strengthening mechanisms applicable to metals and alloys
1. Work Hardening
2. Solid Solution Strengthening
3. Precipitation Hardening
4. Grain Boundary Strengthening
Single-Acting and Double-Acting Pumps
Single-Acting and Double-Acting Pumps
A single-acting pump is one that takes a suction, filling the pump cylinder on the stroke in only one direction, called the suction stroke, and then forces the liquid out of the cylinder on the return stroke, called the discharge stroke. A double-acting pump is one that, as it fills one end of the liquid cylinder, is discharging liquid from the other end of the cylinder.On the return stroke, the end of the cylinder just emptied is filled, and the end just filled is emptied.
Why do we need Material Science and Metallurgy in Mechanical Engineering
Most of us has got a question that Why do we need Material Science and Metallurgy in Mechanical Engineering?
But there is a big need to know the material properties of any Project. These properties will decide the capabilities of our Project.
List of Material Properties
Tensile Strength
Compressive Strength
Shear Strength
Yield Strength
Ductility
Poisson's Ratio
Youngs Modulus
Specific Weight
Specific Modulus
We all know that what these are all
Advantages of Mechanical Engineering
As we have discussed so many parts of Mechanical engineering, we should know what are its Advantages and Disadvantages.
Here are some Advantages
Mechanical engineers are found in almost all sectors of industry. So, employment prospects are good. Also, because it is a core engineering discipline, having a a great knowledge in mechanical engineering enables you to enter fields or pursue advanced study in other areas such as bioengineering, environmental engineering, and nanotechnology............
Dont think that these are the only advantages, we can discuss thousands of Advantages.
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Heat Transfer modes
there are 3 types of Heat transfer modes.
with these modes only heat transfers
they are
Heat Conduction
Heat Convection
Heat radiation
Need of Mechanical engineering and engineers
Applications of Mechanical Engineering and engineers
Mechanical engineers are involved in the design and construction of various pieces of equipment like aircrafts, spacecrafts, and automobiles, stationary structures like building and bridges and industrial machinery. Due to the fact that mechanical engineers have to deal with a wide range of issues relating to different fields during the course of their work, the mechanical engineering program is prepared to provide them with the basic knowledge of different areas of study.
Just as chemical engineers strive to make different chemical processes cost-effective, mechanical engineers also strive to make the production and maintenance of different machines economical and efficient. Mechanical engineers also have to deal with one additional issue. The machines designed and manufactured by these mechanical engineers will be used by general community who do not have any knowledge about their operation. Hence, they will have to consider the safety and durability factors of these machines also while designing them.
Areas of Study Of Mechanical Engineering
The main areas of study that mechanical engineering looks into are:
- Design
- Drafting and analysis – For this purpose it uses design softwares like Pro-E, Catia, Ansys and AutoCAD.
- Design of various mechanisms – In this purpose, the kinematics and dynamics of a mechanism are taken into account and a proper design is drafted for the mechanism.
- Manufacture
- Solid Mechanics
- Strength of Materials
- Statics and Dynamics
- Heat-related Studies
- Thermodynamics
- Heat Transfer
- Energy Conversion
- Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
- Fluid Mechanics, Hydraulics and Pneumatics
- Instrumentation and Measurement
Mechanical engineering is finding more and more applications these days in other areas of engineering also. The most significant of these is the field of robotics. Robotics has become an important area of study due to the fact that more and more processes are getting automated these days. Mechanical engineers are handed the task of manufacturing assembly lines of robots for different operations and controlling them through pre-written programs to make the process of manufacture less human dependant, and more efficient and economical.
